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GLP-2 (T)
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GLP-2 (T)

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GLP-2 is a 33-amino-acid peptide belonging to the glucagon superfamily, studied primarily for its role in intestinal growth, barrier function, and epithelial repair. It binds to the GLP-2 receptor, which is predominantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro, GLP-2 is used to investigate enterocyte proliferation, mucosal regeneration, and nutrient absorption mechanisms.

Weight .06 kg
Size

5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg
Shelf Life

60 months
Storage

Lyophilized: freeze at ?20 °C (?4 °F).
Reconstituted: refrigerate at 2–8 °C (35.6–46.4 °F); use within 28 days.
Molecular Formula

C???H???N??O??
PubChem CID

168009818
http://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/168009818
Disclaimer

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. For research purposes only. Not for human consumption.

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Research Compound Profile

GLP-2

Also known as:Tirz******** · Dual Agonist Category: Metabolic · Glycemic Control Clinical Status:FDA Approved FDA Status:Approved — Type 2 Diabetes, Chronic Weight Management, OSA

A dual-action incretin mimetic that engages both GLP-1 and GIP receptors, originally developed for type 2 diabetes and now FDA-approved for chronic weight management. The first "twincretin" to achieve regulatory clearance across multiple metabolic indications.

Explore the Research ↓
🧬Peptide Type

Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist

📊Amino Acid Length

39 residues (modified GIP-based scaffold)

🔬Primary Research Focus

Weight management & glycemic control

🧪Development Stage

FDA Approved · Phase 4 surveillance ongoing

What Is GLP-2?

🧠 Simple Explanation

GLP-2 is an injectable medication that copies two natural hormones your body releases after eating — GLP-1 and GIP. These hormones tell your brain you're full, help your body manage blood sugar, and influence how your metabolism processes energy. By activating both pathways at once, GLP-2 produces stronger effects on appetite and weight than medications targeting only one.

It was first approved for type 2 diabetes and later for chronic weight management, making it one of the most effective FDA-approved treatments in its class.

🔬 Advanced Context

GLP-2 (tirz*******) is a 39-amino-acid synthetic peptide engineered on a modified GIP backbone with dual agonist activity at both the GLP-1 receptor and the GIP receptor. This "twincretin" design enables synergistic signaling through complementary incretin pathways — enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying simultaneously.

The SURMOUNT clinical trial program (1–5) enrolled over 5,000 participants and demonstrated average body weight reductions of 20–22.5% at the 15 mg dose over 72 weeks. The SURPASS program for type 2 diabetes showed superior HbA1c reduction compared to GLP-1 (sema*******) in head-to-head trials, with reductions up to 2.46% from baseline.

The compound received FDA approval in May 2022 for type 2 diabetes (under a specific brand name) and in November 2023 for chronic weight management (marketed as a specific brand name). Post-marketing surveillance continues, including the ongoing SURPASS-CVOT cardiovascular outcomes trial.

How It Works

Dual incretin mechanism validated through Phase 3 clinical evidence

STEP 01→

Dual Receptor Binding

GLP-2 simultaneously engages GLP-1 receptors on pancreatic beta cells and hypothalamic neurons, and GIP receptors on adipose tissue and gut endocrine cells, triggering parallel intracellular signaling cascades.

💡 Simple Translation

The medication attaches to two different types of docking points on cells — one related to appetite control in the brain and one related to how your body handles fat and sugar. This double action is what sets it apart.

STEP 02→

Incretin Signaling Amplification

GLP-1 pathway activation stimulates cAMP-dependent insulin exocytosis and suppresses glucagon secretion. Concurrent GIP receptor activation enhances insulin sensitivity in adipocytes and may promote direct lipolytic effects on fat tissue.

💡 Simple Translation

Once both docking points are activated, the body gets a stronger 'release insulin' signal while also receiving a 'stop releasing extra sugar' message. The fat tissue also gets signals to work more efficiently.

STEP 03→

Central Appetite Suppression

Hypothalamic GLP-1R activation reduces orexigenic signaling and enhances POMC/CART pathway activity, producing sustained satiety. Gastric emptying is delayed through vagal afferent modulation, further reducing caloric intake.

💡 Simple Translation

The brain's hunger center receives strong 'you're full' signals, reducing the urge to eat. At the same time, food moves through the stomach more slowly, so you feel satisfied longer after meals.

STEP 04

Clinical Outcome

In Phase 3 trials (SURMOUNT-1), participants on the 15 mg dose achieved mean weight loss of 22.5% over 72 weeks. 91% achieved ≥5% loss and 57% achieved ≥20% loss. SURPASS-2 showed superior HbA1c reduction versus GLP-1 (sema*******).

💡 Simple Translation

In large clinical trials, people taking the highest dose lost about one-fifth of their body weight on average over roughly a year and a half. Blood sugar control was also better than with competing treatments.

Clinical Development Status

Current position in the regulatory pipeline

✓
Preclinical

Laboratory and animal studies evaluating basic safety, biological activity, and dosing ranges.

✓
Phase 1

First-in-human trials establishing safety and pharmacokinetics of the dual GLP-1/GIP agonist.

✓
Phase 2

Dose-ranging studies demonstrating significant HbA1c reduction and weight loss, validating the twincretin concept.

✓
Phase 3

SURPASS (5 trials, 7,000+ participants) and SURMOUNT programs confirmed efficacy and safety.

5
Phase 4

Post-marketing surveillance and SURPASS-CVOT cardiovascular outcomes trial ongoing.

✓
FDA Approved

Approved May 2022 (T2D) and November 2023 (chronic weight management).

FDA approved May 2022 for type 2 diabetes and November 2023 for chronic weight management. Post-marketing surveillance and SURPASS-CVOT cardiovascular outcomes trial ongoing.

What Does the Research Show?

Summary of findings from FDA-approved clinical trial programs

📊Key Findings
  • Average weight loss of 20–22.5% at the 15 mg dose over 72 weeks (SURMOUNT-1)
  • 91% of participants achieved clinically meaningful weight loss of ≥5%
  • Superior HbA1c reduction versus GLP-1 (Sema*******) in head-to-head trial (SURPASS-2)
  • 25–29 fewer obstructive sleep apnea events per hour (SURMOUNT-OSA)
📈Research Milestones
  • Developed — first dual GLP-1/GIP agonist
  • SURPASS program enrolled 7,000+ participants across 5 Phase 3 trials
  • SURMOUNT program enrolled 5,000+ participants for weight management
  • FDA approval for type 2 diabetes (2022) and obesity (2023)
🔬Observed Biological Effects
  • Glucose-dependent insulin secretion enhanced through dual incretin activation
  • Glucagon suppression reducing hepatic glucose output
  • Delayed gastric emptying contributing to sustained satiety
  • Potential direct lipolytic effects on adipose tissue via GIP receptor
🧪Safety Profile in Studies
  • Most common adverse events: nausea (25–30%), diarrhea (15–20%), vomiting (10–15%)
  • GI side effects generally peak during dose titration and diminish over time
  • Boxed warning for thyroid C-cell tumors (class effect, based on rodent studies)
  • Pancreatitis and gallbladder events reported at low frequency

Published Findings

Key clinical trials with linked sources

StudyPopulationKey FindingYearSource
SURMOUNT-1: Weight management efficacyHuman (n=2,539)Up to 22.5% mean body weight reduction with 15 mg dose over 72 weeks; 57% achieved ≥20% loss2022NEJM ↗
SURPASS-2: Head-to-head vs GLP-1Human (n=1,879)Superior HbA1c reduction and greater weight loss at all tirz******* doses compared to sema******* * mg2021NEJM ↗
SURMOUNT-5: Direct comparison with sema******* 2.4 mgHuman (n=751)20.2% vs 13.7% weight loss favoring tirz*******; statistically significant 6.5-point advantage2024ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
SURMOUNT-OSA: Obstructive sleep apneaHuman (Phase 3)25–29 fewer apnea-hypopnea events per hour; led to additional FDA indication approval2024ClinicalTrials.gov ↗
SURPASS-1: Monotherapy in type 2 diabetesHuman (Phase 3)HbA1c reductions of up to 2.46% from baseline; significant weight loss observed across all dose tiers2021NEJM ↗
SURMOUNT-2: Weight loss in type 2 diabetesHuman (Phase 3)Up to 15.7% weight loss in patients with both obesity and type 2 diabetes over 72 weeks2023NEJM ↗

All listed studies are human clinical trials conducted under FDA oversight. Trial population and design are indicated for each entry.

Research Timeline

Key milestones in GLP-2 development and approval

2016

First-in-Human Studies

Phase 1 trials initiated, establishing safety and pharmacokinetics of the dual GLP-1/GIP agonist

2018

Phase 2 Results Published

Dose-ranging study demonstrated significant HbA1c reduction and weight loss, validating the twincretin concept

2020

SURPASS Phase 3 Program Launched

Five large-scale trials (SURPASS 1–5) enrolled 7,000+ participants with type 2 diabetes

2021

SURPASS-2 Head-to-Head Results

Superior glycemic control and weight loss versus GLP-1 (sema*******) published in the New England Journal of Medicine

2022

FDA Approval — Type 2 Diabetes

Approved for type 2 diabetes in adults, marking the first dual incretin agonist clearance

2022

SURMOUNT Weight Management Trials

SURMOUNT-1 results showed 22.5% weight loss at highest dose, published in NEJM

2023

FDA Approval — Chronic Weight Management

Approved for obesity and overweight with comorbidity in adults

2024

SURMOUNT-5 & OSA Indication

Direct superiority over sema******* confirmed; additional FDA approval for obstructive sleep apnea

Molecular Profile

Physicochemical characteristics and storage parameters

Molecular Weight

~4,813.5 Da

Structure Type

39-AA Dual Incretin Agonist

CAS Number

2023788-19-2

Molecular Formula

C₂₂₅H₃₄₈N₄₈O₆₈

Half-Life

~5 days (enables weekly dosing)

Administration

Subcutaneous injection, once weekly

Storage (Pen)

Refrigerate 2–8°C prior to first use

In-Use Storage

Room temperature ≤30°C for up to 21 days

Reference: FDA Prescribing Information (presented strictly for educational purposes only)

Research Applications

Areas of investigation across completed and ongoing clinical programs

Investigated for dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor activation producing synergistic incretin effects

Studied in glucose-dependent insulin secretion with concurrent glucagon suppression

Explored in central appetite regulation through hypothalamic GLP-1 receptor signaling

Evaluated in delayed gastric emptying contributing to sustained satiety and reduced caloric intake

Assessed in adipose tissue metabolism through GIP receptor-mediated lipolytic pathways

Investigated in cardiovascular risk factor improvement across the SURPASS and SURMOUNT programs

Studied in obstructive sleep apnea models, resulting in an additional FDA-approved indication

Explored in combination with lifestyle intervention for enhanced metabolic outcomes

Formulation & Delivery

How GLP-2 is packaged, stored, and administered

💉

Pre-Filled Pen Design

GLP-2, when prescribed by a licensed medical doctor, is delivered in a single-dose, disposable pen device. Each pen contains one pre-measured dose, eliminating the need for manual reconstitution or syringe preparation.

📅

Half Life

The extended half-life of approximately 5 days provides sustained receptor activation.

🛡️

Stability & Storage

Pens should be refrigerated at 2–8°C before first use. Once in use, they may be stored at room temperature (≤30°C) for up to 21 days, facilitating practical storage.

📊

Titration Protocol

Dosing starts at a set mg and is increased in increments, allowing gradual adaptation and minimizing gastrointestinal side effects during escalation.

✅

FDA-Regulated Manufacturing

Official formulations are manufactured under FDA cGMP standards, ensuring consistent quality, potency, and sterility across production batches.

Transparency & Quality Verification

Analytical standards applied to research-grade peptide materials

🧪

Third-Party Analytical Testing

Independent laboratories perform comprehensive analysis on each production batch, ensuring unbiased verification of compound identity and purity.

📊

Purity Verification (HPLC)

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography confirms peptide purity levels, typically targeting ≥98% for research-grade material.

🔬

Identity Confirmation (Mass Spectrometry)

Mass spectrometry validates molecular weight and structural identity, confirming the compound matches its expected profile.

📋

Batch-Specific Certificates of Analysis

Each lot is accompanied by a unique COA detailing purity percentage, lot number, test date, labeled vs. actual content, and testing laboratory.

📁

Documentation Transparency

All analytical results, testing methodologies, and laboratory credentials are made available for researcher review and institutional compliance.

🌡️

Storage Verification Standards

Cold-chain integrity monitoring ensures proper temperature maintenance from production through delivery, preserving compound stability.

Frequently Asked Questions

Common inquiries about GLP-2 based on published clinical data

GLP-2 (tirz*******) is a synthetic 39-amino-acid peptide engineered on a modified GIP backbone to act as a dual agonist at both the GLP-1 and GIP receptors. The name 'twincretin' reflects its simultaneous activation of two incretin hormone pathways that naturally regulate appetite, insulin secretion, and metabolism.
GLP-2 has completed all clinical trial phases and received full FDA approval. It was approved in May 2022 for type 2 diabetes, in November 2023 for chronic weight management, and subsequently for obstructive sleep apnea. Phase 4 post-marketing surveillance continues, including the SURPASS-CVOT cardiovascular outcomes trial.
The SURMOUNT-1 trial demonstrated average weight loss of 22.5% at the 15 mg dose over 72 weeks, with 91% of participants achieving ≥5% loss and 57% achieving ≥20% loss. SURPASS-2 showed superior HbA1c reduction compared to GLP-1 (sema*******). SURMOUNT-5 directly confirmed a 6.5 percentage point advantage over semag******* in weight reduction (20.2% vs 13.7%).
The most common adverse events are gastrointestinal in nature: nausea (25–30%), diarrhea (15–20%), and vomiting (10–15%). These typically peak during dose titration and diminish over time. The FDA label carries a boxed warning regarding thyroid C-cell tumors based on rodent studies — a class effect shared by all GLP-1 receptor agonists. It is contraindicated in patients with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2.
In the SURMOUNT-5 head-to-head trial, GLP-2 produced 20.2% weight loss versus 13.7% for GLP-1 (sema*******) over 72 weeks. The dual GLP-1/GIP mechanism likely explains this advantage. GLP-3 (reta*******), a triple agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, has shown up to 28.7% weight loss in Phase 3 but is not yet FDA-approved.
Clinically meaningful weight loss (≥5%) was typically achieved within 12–16 weeks of treatment initiation. HbA1c improvements were measurable within the first 4–8 weeks. Full therapeutic effect at the maintenance dose generally manifested by weeks 36–40, with maximum weight loss observed at approximately 72 weeks in the SURMOUNT program.
Yes. GLP-2 (tirz*******) is FDA-approved under specific brand names (for type 2 diabetes, approved May 2022) and (for chronic weight management, approved November 2023). An additional indication for obstructive sleep apnea was granted based on the SURMOUNT-OSA trial results.
GLP-1 refers to single-agonist medications targeting only the GLP-1 receptor (e.g., sema*******). GLP-2 refers to dual-agonist medications targeting GLP-1 and GIP receptors (e.g., tirz*******). GLP-3 refers to triple-agonist medications targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors (e.g., reta*******, not yet approved as of the writing of this post). Each additional receptor target has produced incrementally greater weight loss in clinical trials.

Sources & References

Published studies and regulatory documents cited on this page

Tirz******* Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity ↗

Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine (2022) · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038

Tirz******* versus Sema******* Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2) ↗

Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine (2021) · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519

A Study of Tirz******* in Participants With Obesity or Overweight (SURMOUNT-5) ↗

ClinicalTrials.gov (2024) · NCT04184622

Tirz******* Prescribing Information ↗

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2023)

SURMOUNT-1 Phase 3 Clinical Trial Results — Tirz******* for Weight Management ↗

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038 (2022)

SURPASS Clinical Trial Program — Tirz******* for Type 2 Diabetes ↗

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519 (2021)

⚠️ Important Notice

This content is for educational and informational purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendations.

GLP-2 (tirz*******) is an FDA-approved prescription medication. All treatment decisions should be made in consultation with a licensed healthcare provider. Information presented on this page is derived from published clinical trial data, FDA labeling, and peer-reviewed literature.

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GLP-2 (T)
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Price range: $74.99 through $124.99
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