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BPC-157

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BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide consisting of 15 amino acids derived from a naturally occurring gastric protein. It is frequently studied in in vitro models for its role in tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, and cellular signaling. Research focuses include fibroblast migration, collagen production, and nitric oxide modulation.

Weight .06 kg
Size

5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg
Shelf Life

36 months
Storage

Lyophilized: freeze at ?20 °C (?4 °F)
Reconstituted: refrigerate at 2–8 °C (35.6–46.4 °F); avoid freeze–thaw cycles.
Molecular Formula

C??H??N??O??
PubChem CID

9941957
http://www.pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/9941957
Disclaimer

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. For research purposes only. Not for human consumption.

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Research Compound Profile

BPC-157

Also known as:Body Protection Compound-157 · PL-14736 · PLD-116 · Bepecin Category:Regenerative · Tissue-Protective Clinical Status:Phase 1 Completed / Preclinical FDA Status:Not Approved · Investigational

A synthetic pentadecapeptide originally identified in human gastric juice, now extensively studied in preclinical models for its tissue-protective and regenerative properties. All data presented reflects published research findings only.

Explore the Research ↓
🧬Peptide Type

Synthetic Pentadecapeptide

📊Amino Acid Length

15 residues (GEPPPGKPADDAGLV)

🔬Primary Research Focus

Tissue repair & cytoprotection

🧪Development Stage

Phase 1 completed · Preclinical ongoing

What Is BPC-157?

🧠 Simple Explanation

BPC-157 is a small chain of 15 building blocks (called amino acids) that scientists first found inside the fluid your stomach uses to digest food. In laboratory studies with animals, this tiny chain appears to help damaged tissue mend itself faster — including muscles, tendons, and the lining of the gut.

Researchers are still working to understand exactly how it does this, and so far almost all of the evidence comes from animal experiments, not human trials.

🔬 Advanced Context

BPC-157 (sequence: Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val) is a partial sequence of the larger protein known as BPC, which is naturally present in human gastric juice. The synthetic pentadecapeptide has demonstrated remarkable stability in acidic conditions, withstanding gastric juice for over 24 hours without degradation — a property uncommon among peptides of its size.

Preclinical investigations, spanning over 200 peer-reviewed publications since 1991, have reported tissue-protective activity across multiple organ systems including the gastrointestinal tract, musculoskeletal structures, and the central nervous system. The compound operates through several signaling cascades, most notably the VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS pathway, which is central to angiogenesis and vascular repair.

A single Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT02637284) evaluated safety and pharmacokinetics. One retrospective study of 12 patients reported that 7 experienced pain relief lasting over 6 months following knee injection. A 2025 pilot study confirmed tolerability of intravenous infusion in two healthy adults at 10–20 mg doses. No large-scale randomized controlled trials in humans have been completed to date.

How It Works

Proposed mechanism of action based on preclinical evidence

STEP 01→

Receptor Engagement

BPC-157 interacts with the VEGFR2 receptor on endothelial cells, promoting receptor internalization and triggering downstream intracellular signaling.

💡 Simple Translation

The peptide attaches to a specific docking point on blood vessel cells, which activates signals inside the cell — like pressing a button that starts a chain reaction.

STEP 02→

Signaling Cascade Activation

The Akt-eNOS signaling cascade is initiated, leading to increased phosphorylation of Akt and enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, elevating nitric oxide (NO) production.

💡 Simple Translation

Once the button is pressed, a series of chemical messages travel through the cell — telling it to produce nitric oxide, which helps blood vessels relax and open up.

STEP 03→

Cellular Response

Elevated NO promotes vasodilation and angiogenesis. FAK-paxillin phosphorylation drives cell migration and fibroblast outgrowth. GHR expression increases up to 7-fold by day 3.

💡 Simple Translation

With more blood flowing to the area, new vessels form and repair cells move toward damaged tissue much faster — like clearing a highway so emergency vehicles can get through.

STEP 04

Research Outcome

In preclinical models, combined effects resulted in accelerated wound closure (~45–50% faster), enhanced tendon fibroblast outgrowth (+85%), and reduced inflammatory markers across multiple tissue types.

💡 Simple Translation

In lab studies with animals, tissues healed significantly faster compared to untreated groups, and there was less swelling and redness in the injured area.

Clinical Development Status

Current position in the regulatory pipeline

✓
Preclinical

Laboratory and animal studies conducted before testing in humans. Evaluates basic safety, biological activity, and dosing ranges.

✓
Phase 1

First-in-human trials focused primarily on safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics in a small group of healthy volunteers.

3
Phase 2

Larger trials evaluating effectiveness and side effects in patients with the target condition. Establishes optimal dosing.

4
Phase 3

Large-scale trials comparing the compound against standard treatments or placebo. Required for regulatory approval.

5
Phase 4

Post-approval surveillance studies monitoring long-term safety and effectiveness in the general population.

6
FDA Approved

Full regulatory approval granted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for specific medical indications.

One Phase 1 trial registered (NCT02637284). No Phase 2 or 3 trials completed. Not approved by the FDA for any indication.

What Does the Research Show?

Summary of investigational findings from published studies

📊Key Findings
  • Over 200 peer-reviewed publications since 1991
  • 7 of 12 patients reported pain relief exceeding 6 months in a retrospective knee study
  • No lethal dose identified in preclinical toxicology assessments
  • Growth hormone receptor expression elevated 7-fold by day 3 in treated tissue
📈Research Milestones
  • First characterization by University of Zagreb team (early 1990s)
  • Phase 1 safety trial registered on ClinicalTrials.gov
  • 2025 systematic review synthesized 36 studies spanning 1993–2024
  • 2025 pilot study confirmed IV tolerability in 2 healthy adults
🔬Observed Biological Effects
  • Accelerated wound closure rates (~45–50% faster in animal models)
  • Enhanced new blood vessel formation via VEGFR2 signaling
  • Fibroblast migration speed increased ~70% in tendon explants
  • Modulation of serotonin and dopamine pathways in brain-gut axis studies
🧪Safety Profile in Studies
  • No lethal dose (LD50) achieved in toxicology studies
  • No organ toxicity detected in 6-month chronic exposure studies
  • Mild digestive discomfort reported in ~5% of preclinical observations
  • Theoretical angiogenic concerns regarding tumor growth remain unstudied

Published Findings

Peer-reviewed studies with linked sources

StudyModelKey FindingYearSource
BPC-157 tendon healing promotion Animal (Rat) Dose-dependent increase in fibroblast outgrowth, cell migration (+70%), and survival under oxidative stress 2011 J Applied Physiology ↗
VEGFR2 activation & angiogenesis Animal (Rat) Upregulated VEGFR2 expression, enhanced receptor internalization, activated Akt-eNOS signaling cascade 2017 J Mol Medicine ↗
Vasomotor tone & eNOS signaling Animal (Rat) Modulatory effects on vasomotor tone through Src-Cav-1-eNOS pathway interaction 2020 Nature Sci Reports ↗
Gastric cytoprotection review Animal (Multiple) Protective effects against various ulcer models; stability in gastric juice for 24+ hours 2019 Gut and Liver ↗
Brain-gut axis & neuroprotection Animal (Rat) Modulated dopamine and serotonin systems; reduced brain damage in TBI models 2016 Curr Neuropharmacology ↗
Orthopaedic sports medicine review Systematic Review (36) Positive outcomes in 92% of musculoskeletal models; 7/12 patients reported pain relief >6 months 2025 HSS Journal ↗
Bone defect healing Animal (Rabbit) Enhanced segmental bone defect repair with osteogenic activity 1999 J Orthop Research ↗
IV safety pilot in humans Human (n=2) Intravenous infusion of 10–20 mg tolerated with no adverse effects on biomarkers 2025 Alt Therapies Health Med ↗

⚠️ The majority of listed studies are preclinical. Model type is clearly indicated for each entry. Human data remains extremely limited.

Research Timeline

Key milestones in BPC-157 investigation

1991

Initial Identification

BPC-157 first characterized from human gastric juice at the University of Zagreb, Croatia

1999

Bone Healing Studies

Osteogenic effects observed in rabbit segmental bone defect models

2011

Tendon Repair Evidence

Published findings on fibroblast outgrowth and cell migration in tendon models

2015

Phase 1 Trial Registered

PCO-02 safety and pharmacokinetics study listed on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02637284)

2017

VEGFR2 Mechanism Clarified

Pro-angiogenic activity linked to VEGFR2 activation and Akt-eNOS cascade

2020

Vasomotor Signaling Study

Nature Scientific Reports published Src-Cav-1-eNOS pathway findings

2022

WADA Prohibition

Added to the World Anti-Doping Agency S0 prohibited substance list

2025

Systematic Review & IV Pilot

36-study review published; IV infusion pilot confirmed tolerability in 2 human subjects

Delivery Methods Studied in Research

Investigational administration routes evaluated in published studies

Subcutaneous Injection

Most commonly studied route in preclinical trials; localized tissue delivery

Intraperitoneal Injection

Frequently used in rodent models for systemic absorption studies

Oral Administration

Investigated due to the compound's unusual stability in gastric acid (24+ hours)

Intravenous Infusion

Evaluated in a 2025 pilot study in two healthy adult subjects at 10–20 mg

Intramuscular Injection

Used in select musculoskeletal injury models in animal research

Dosing Ranges Studied in Research

In published preclinical research, investigational dosing has typically ranged between 10 ng/kg and 10 μg/kg body weight in animal models, administered via various routes. The 2025 human pilot study evaluated intravenous doses of 10–20 mg in two subjects.

⚠️ These figures are presented for scientific reference only and do not constitute usage recommendations. No standardized human dosing protocol has been established through controlled clinical trials.

Molecular Profile

Physicochemical characteristics and storage parameters

Molecular Weight

1,419.5 g/mol

Structure Type

Synthetic Pentadecapeptide

CAS Number

137525-51-0

Molecular Formula

C₆₂H₉₈N₁₆O₂₂

Amino Acid Sequence

GEPPPGKPADDAGLV

Gastric Stability

24+ hours in gastric juice

Lyophilized Storage

-20°C for long-term stability

Reconstituted Storage

2–8°C; use within ~30 days

Reference: PubChem CID 9941957

Research Applications

Areas of active investigation in peer-reviewed literature

Investigated in VEGFR2-mediated angiogenesis and vascular repair pathways

Studied in musculoskeletal tissue models including tendon, ligament, muscle, and bone

Explored in gastrointestinal cytoprotection and ulcer prevention models

Examined in brain-gut axis signaling with dopamine and serotonin modulation

Evaluated in nitric oxide (NO) system interactions and vasodilation research

Assessed in oxidative stress resistance and cell survival under hostile conditions

Investigated in growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression and tissue repair signaling

Studied in combination protocols alongside TB-500 for complementary pathway activation

Why It Arrives as a Powder

Understanding lyophilized formulation in research peptides

❄️

Stability Preservation

Lyophilization (freeze-drying) removes water content, significantly reducing the rate of chemical degradation. This preserves the peptide's structural integrity during storage and transport.

📅

Extended Shelf Life

Dry powder form can maintain potency at -20°C for extended periods, far exceeding the approximately 30-day window available for reconstituted liquid preparations.

🛡️

Degradation Prevention

Peptide bonds are susceptible to hydrolysis in aqueous environments. Removing the solvent eliminates this primary degradation pathway, reducing fragmentation and loss of biological activity.

🔬

Laboratory Preparation Standards

Reconstitution follows established protocols using bacteriostatic water or sterile saline, allowing precise concentration control appropriate for the specific experimental design.

✅

Sterile Research Conditions

Lyophilized preparations are typically processed under controlled, low-bioburden environments. Proper aseptic technique during reconstitution maintains sterility required for reliable research outcomes.

Transparency & Quality Verification

Analytical standards applied to research-grade peptide materials

🧪

Third-Party Analytical Testing

Independent laboratories perform comprehensive analysis on each production batch, ensuring unbiased verification of compound identity and purity.

📊

Purity Verification (HPLC)

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography confirms peptide purity levels, typically targeting ≥98% for research-grade material.

🔬

Identity Confirmation (Mass Spectrometry)

Mass spectrometry validates molecular weight and structural identity, confirming the compound matches its expected profile.

📋

Batch-Specific Certificates of Analysis

Each lot is accompanied by a unique COA detailing purity percentage, lot number, test date, labeled vs. actual content, and testing laboratory.

📁

Documentation Transparency

All analytical results, testing methodologies, and laboratory credentials are made available for researcher review and institutional compliance.

🌡️

Storage Verification Standards

Cold-chain integrity monitoring ensures proper temperature maintenance from production through delivery, preserving compound stability.

Frequently Asked Questions

Investigational context for common inquiries

BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide consisting of 15 amino acids (sequence: GEPPPGKPADDAGLV). It is derived from a partial sequence of a larger protein found naturally in human gastric juice. It was first characterized by researchers at the University of Zagreb, Croatia, in the early 1990s. The name 'Body Protection Compound' reflects early preclinical observations of tissue-protective activity.
BPC-157 has been investigated in over 200 peer-reviewed publications, the vast majority involving preclinical (animal or cell culture) models. One Phase 1 clinical trial focused on safety and pharmacokinetics has been registered (NCT02637284). A 2025 systematic review analyzed 36 studies from 1993 to 2024, and a separate pilot study evaluated intravenous tolerability in two healthy adults. No Phase 2, Phase 3, or large-scale randomized controlled trials have been completed.
Preclinical studies have reported accelerated healing in tendon, muscle, bone, and gastrointestinal tissue models. Observed effects include enhanced cell migration, increased blood vessel formation, and reduced inflammatory markers. One small retrospective human study (n=12) reported that 7 patients experienced pain relief exceeding 6 months following knee injection. These findings are preliminary and have not been replicated in controlled human trials.
Researchers have evaluated BPC-157 through multiple routes including subcutaneous injection, intraperitoneal injection (in animal models), oral administration, intramuscular injection, and intravenous infusion. The compound's unusual stability in gastric acid — maintaining integrity for over 24 hours — has made oral delivery a subject of particular research interest.
In preclinical toxicology studies, no lethal dose (LD50) was achieved, and no significant organ toxicity was detected over 6-month exposure periods. The 2025 human pilot study (n=2) reported no adverse effects from IV infusion at 10–20 mg. However, because BPC-157 promotes angiogenesis (new blood vessel growth), there are theoretical concerns about potential effects on tumor development — a risk that has not been formally studied. Long-term human safety data does not exist.
BPC-157 is most frequently compared to TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4), another peptide studied for tissue repair. While BPC-157's proposed mechanism centers on VEGFR2-mediated angiogenesis, TB-500 primarily acts through actin regulation and cell motility. Both reduce inflammation in preclinical models but through distinct pathways. Neither is FDA-approved for human use.
Chronic exposure studies in animals spanning up to 6 months have not identified significant toxicity. However, no long-term human studies exist. The effects of extended exposure in people — including potential interactions with existing medications, effects on immune function, or cumulative impact on vascular systems — remain entirely unknown.
In preclinical models, observable effects on tissue repair markers typically emerged within 14–21 days of treatment initiation. Growth hormone receptor expression was reported to increase 7-fold by day 3 in treated tissue. These timelines are specific to animal study conditions and cannot be directly extrapolated to predict human response.
BPC-157 and TB-500 have been investigated together in preclinical settings, with researchers observing that their distinct mechanisms (VEGFR2/angiogenesis vs. actin regulation/cell motility) may produce complementary effects. This combination is sometimes referred to as the 'Wolverine blend' in research contexts. Formal combination studies in humans have not been conducted.
No. BPC-157 is not approved by the FDA or any regulatory agency for human use. The FDA classifies it as a Category 2 bulk drug substance, meaning compounding pharmacies cannot legally produce or distribute it. It is also prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) under the S0 category since 2022.
Because BPC-157 has not undergone the rigorous clinical trial process required for regulatory approval, it cannot legally be marketed, sold, or represented as a treatment for any medical condition. The 'research use only' designation indicates that the compound is intended exclusively for scientific investigation in controlled laboratory settings.
Research-grade BPC-157 is typically analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for purity assessment and mass spectrometry for molecular identity confirmation. Each production batch should be accompanied by a Certificate of Analysis (COA) from an independent, third-party laboratory detailing the purity percentage, lot number, and testing date.
In lyophilized (powder) form, BPC-157 should be stored at -20°C for optimal long-term stability. Once reconstituted in solution, it should be refrigerated at 2–8°C and used within approximately 30 days. The compound should be protected from light and kept in its sealed container until preparation. It demonstrates resistance to enzymatic degradation and hydrolysis, but proper cold-chain handling is recommended.

Sources & References

Peer-reviewed publications and reference materials cited on this page

Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review ↗

Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, et al. · HSS Journal (2025) · DOI: 10.1177/15563316251355551

The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration ↗

Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, et al. · Journal of Applied Physiology (2011) · DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010

Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation ↗

Hsieh MJ, Liu HT, Wang CN, et al. · Journal of Molecular Medicine (2017) · DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y

Modulatory effects of BPC 157 on vasomotor tone and the Src-Cav-1-eNOS signaling pathway in rats ↗

Hsieh MJ, Lee CH, Chueh HY, et al. · Scientific Reports (Nature) (2020) · DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74022-y

Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications ↗

Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. · Current Neuropharmacology (2016) · DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666160502153022

Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, Robert's Stomach Cytoprotection/Adaptive Cytoprotection Revisited ↗

Sikiric P, et al. · Gut and Liver (2019) · DOI: 10.5009/gnl18490

Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of BPC 157 in rats and dogs ↗

He L, Feng D, Guo H, et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022) · DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026182

Preclinical safety evaluation of body protective compound-157 ↗

Xu C, Sun L, Ren F, et al. · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (2020) · DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104665

Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system ↗

Vukojevic J, Milavić M, Perović D, et al. · Neural Regeneration Research (2022) · DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320969

Osteogenic effect of a gastric pentadecapeptide, BPC-157, on the healing of segmental bone defect in rabbits ↗

Sebecic B, et al. · Journal of Orthopaedic Research (1999)

Safety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study ↗

Lee E, Walker C, Ayadi B · Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine (2025)

Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide ↗

Józwiak M, Bauer M, Kamysz W, Kleczkowska P · Pharmaceuticals (MDPI) (2025) · DOI: 10.3390/ph18020185

PCO-02 — Safety and Pharmacokinetics Trial (Phase 1) ↗

ClinicalTrials.gov (2015) · NCT02637284

⚠️ Important Notice

For laboratory research use only. This information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

All information presented on this page is derived from peer-reviewed literature and is provided exclusively for educational and scientific reference purposes. Nothing on this page constitutes medical advice, personal recommendations, or encouragement of any kind.

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BPC-157
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Price range: $39.99 through $99.99
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